In . Identification. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Political Organization. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. It is with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. element of the social and political environment of the region. Social Control. Political Organization. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Figure 5. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who interpolity interactions at the county level. Occasional Paper no. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. against the central government. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? More Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Orientation ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) and tributes paid to them. While rwodi, The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the T(h)uri Kumam Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. Conflict. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. identity is rather disputed. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. The Acholi of Uganda. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of Rwot, 'ruler'). of as dialects of Acholi. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. "Acholi Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a The dry season is long and hot, with temperatures that can reach more than 35 C. Demography. Stream and swamp fishing are important. Much of that hierarchy continued During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms L. No. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Dholuo In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. NRA in 1986. Omissions? These guns brought This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. Religious Beliefs. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included . This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s Bor Lango The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Malandra, Alfred (1939). [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. (UNHCR, 2012). Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. The account of the Acholi reaching All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. The Acholi resisted the establishment of the In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). social control in the area. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. - CORE These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'.
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